What makes a good photograph? Well, we can start with the environment that the photo is taken in, how objects are arranged, what influences the environment (i.e., lighting) etc., but the photographer can make adjustments that will yield the crisp, clear images with vibrant colors you desire with the aid of the proper settings...and there are a considerable amount of settings that are contributing factors...
Choosing the right settings on the cameras can greatly impact the quality of your photos. Aperture, for example, influences the amount of content that is in focus in the picture; shutter speed influences how clear subjects photographed in motion are in the photo; consequently, these settings also affect other aspects of the photo, so it's important that the photographer be aware of considerations that may otherwise affect the photograph...
So what happens after the photo is taken? Hopefully nothing, if everything goes right, but if it doesn't, there is the possibility of the need for editing; things like color correction, sharpening, white balance and other considerations may come into play when rendering the final product. The editor has to have a keen eye when making these important decisions when pondering the aspects of photography.